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Discover Mid-America - October 2004

Longcase clocks had early English origins

A rare marquetry walnut longcase clock by Edmund Day, London, c. 1695. (photo by Rafferty Fine Antique Clocks, 4 Kensington Church St., London, W8 4HA)

It doesn’t matter whether you call them grandfather clocks, longcase or tallcase, they are considered among the costliest examples of clocks. The most elaborate of these, made in the late 1600s and using marquetry designs, can cost over $90,000.

When they first appeared in England around 1665, they became so popular that by the late 18th century they were made in Holland and France also, and then in America. Shortly afterwards they were built in Scandinavia and the Baltic regions. Each country added distinctive innovations in design and form that helps identify them. From their early beginnings, they represented not only the finest efforts of clockmakers but cabinetmakers’ art as well.

The first longcases were created in London. But by the early 18th century, they were made in great quantity throughout Great Britain. At about the same time, in America, clockmakers were also kept busy by requests for the new “tallcase” clocks, as they were called. These days, many plain examples come to auction for as little as $3,000. However, when it comes to American Federal clocks, names can be as important as an intricate design. A rarity could sell in the high thousands.

In early examples, the wood case was made strictly for a functional purpose — to protect the pendulum and weights from dust and damage. Over the years, the case became as important as the works and often overshadowed the name of the clockmaker.

Eighteenth century English clocks usually were of oak and veneered with ebony or ebonized wood. By the late 18th century a variety of wood veneers, marquetry and lacquer work were used. Decorative brass finials were added. In America, the wood used was usually cherry, maple or imported mahogany. Symbols of liberty, such as eagles, became part of the decorative themes.

Most elaborate of all are the French tallcases of the 18th century. They followed the fashion of the times. For instance, they used extensive amounts of ormolu and marquetry, as did the furniture of the era. Cases were often made in several shapes, such as bombe’ (swelling), and mounted on equally elaborate bases.

However, no matter what country they were made in, the clocks were always considered status symbols, and expensive.


CLUES

Before spending serious money, it’s a good idea to do research. There are many good reference books, among them Miller’s Antiques Checklist Clocks.

Antique clocks of all types are discussed in detail. As the book points out, there are fewer fakes in longcase clocks than “marriages”— when different parts are not original to the clock. Common items replaced are dials and cases not of the proper historical period for the works. Other times clock tops and bases may have been cut down to reduce the height of the clock. If there are two sets of marks on the back of the case interior, this could be a clue to a replaced pendulum. Examine the interior of the case. It should look old.

In the late 19th century, it was popular to “upgrade” clocks. This meant replacing old parts with newly developed wheels, pinions, etc. Any major changes lower the value of the clock. However, new hands and keys don’t affect the value.

Whenever possible there is nothing like hands-on experience. Visit shops, shows and pre-auction viewings. Don’t be afraid to ask questions of the seller or a museum curator. After all they should know the important facts. It is still possible to make a discovery at an estate sale, if you know what to look for.

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